Benefits And Concerns Of Predictive Genetic Testing

Introduction Many new advances in medicine and medical technology have changed the field of health care. One of these new, controversial advances is predictive genetic testing. Several studies have been performed using these new methods to test for bipolar disorder, specifically in those who have a family history of the disorder. In this paper, I will highlight the benefits and concerns of predictive genetic testing, discuss how it will affect society, and argue that those with a family history of mental illnesses such as bipolar disorder should have predictive genetic testing so that, if necessary, the disorder can be treated early and prevent any adverse effects. Opposing Stance It is unethical for predictive genetic testing to be done†¦show more content†¦Predictive genetic testing has the potential to be the basis of discrimination, as it could give employers a reason not to hire and insurers a reason not to insure (Wilde et al., 2013, p. 271). Another major concern is that it could cause a loss of privacy of personal genetic data if employers and/or insurers were given the results of the genetic testing (Wilde et al., 2013, p. 271). My Stance Predictive genetic testing for bipolar disorder would be beneficial because it increases the possibility of improved outcomes through early detection, preventive treatments and the time to tailor medications, and allows for improved reproductive decision making (Meiser et al., 2008, p. 234). Predictive genetic testing can reduce the chances of the harmful effects of bipolar disorder occurring better than if it were to go undetected. Predictive genetic testing for bipolar disorder would encourage patients to seek psychological help early (Wilde et al., 2013, p. 270-271). Early detection would allow for preventive treatments that would alleviate the disorder and its effects. In turn, this will minimize stress factors and the fear of the unknown for the patient and their family (Wilde et al., 2013, p. 271), decreasing the burden that bipolar disorder places on many different lives (Jones et al., 2002, p. 189). Predictive genetic testing could also allow the time to tailor medication to individually treat

I Am A Marine Biologist, And This Has Been My Dream Since I

In my future, I aspire to become a Marine Biologist, and this has been my dream since I was seven years old. I want to work with rescue and rehabilitation of manatees. Due to the fact that I want to go into the biology field, biology as a subject, in general, highly interests me. Upon entering the class, I was very excited with the opportunities that were being presented, and as each new chapter has been introduced, I have enjoyed the ability to relate what we learned to my life. For example, during soccer practices, I often think about the process of cell respiration, and how what I am doing is affecting my body. When you exercise, it jump starts a process in your cells. While this process is always taking place, this exercise increase the rate that process takes place at. This process is called cell respiration, and it is the chemical reactions that provide a cell with its energy. 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Foudation Of Nation Essay Research Paper Formation free essay sample

Foudation Of Nation Essay, Research Paper Formation of State A formation of state occurs when a province has a incorporate administrative range over the district over which its sovereignty is claimed. The development of a plurality of states is basic to the centralisation and administrative enlargement of province domination internally. Therefore the nation-state, which exists in a composite of other nation-states, is a set of institutional signifiers of administration keeping an administrative monopoly over an economic, political, societal and cultural district with demarcated boundary lines, its regulation being sanctioned by jurisprudence and direct control of the agencies of internal and external force exists when a province has a incorporate administrative range over the district over. Many provinces were formed at a point in clip when people sharing a common history, civilization, and linguistic communication discovered a sense of individuality. This was true in the instances of England and France, for illustration, which were the first nation-states to emerge in the modern period, and of Italy and Germany, which were established as nation-states in the nineteenth century. We will write a custom essay sample on Foudation Of Nation Essay Research Paper Formation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In contrast, nevertheless, other provinces, such as India, the Soviet Union, and Switzerland, came into being without a common footing in race, civilization, or linguistic communication. It must besides be emphasized that modern-day nation-states were creative activities of different historical periods and of varied fortunes. Before the stopping point of the nineteenth century, the effectual mobilisation of governmental powers on a national footing had occurred merely in Europe, the United States, and Japan. The truest symbol of its importance is the publishing imperativeness. For one thing, this innovation tremendously increased the resources of authorities, which the fact that the printing imperativeness increased the size of the educated and literate categories. Renaissance civilisation therefore took a quantum leap, geting deeper foundations than any of its predecessors or coevalss by naming into drama the intelligence of more persons than of all time b efore. After publishing imperativeness increased, each state-nation needed to hold its ain common linguistic communication in order to stand for to its state. This is the 1 of necessary things in formation of state. Cultural individuality is an of import building in the formation of the state, as a consequence of the beginning of race, utilizing common linguistic communication, and loyal idea throughout the universe. In 19th-century Europe, these philosophies influenced assorted motions for the release of cultural minorities from the old European imperiums and led to some partly successful efforts to set up nation-states along cultural lines, as in the instance of Italy. After World War II the lifting tide of democratic aspirations among the colonial peoples of Asia and Africa led to the dissolution of imperiums established by European vanquishers, sometimes in countries of tremendous cultural complexness, without respect to cultural considerations. The consequence was a proliferation of national provinces, some of which experienced local struggles with ethnic-related causes. Most of the states in Asia were comparatively homogenous. Ritual and other cultural establishments make the formation of the state. The illustration of Korea, the societal construction of the traditional society is described as hierarchal, category edge, based on affinity, and divided into comparatively few efficaciously organized societal groupings ; its economic footing is chiefly agricultural, and industry and commercialism are comparatively undeveloped ; its political establishments are those of sacred high categories, regulation by a aristocracy. The societal system of the transitional society is typified by the formation of new categories, particularly a in-between category and a labor, and struggle among cultural, spiritual, and cultural groupings ; its economic system experiences major tensenesss as the consequence of technological development, the growing of industry, urbanisation, and the usage of rapid communications ; its political establishments are typically autocratic, although constitutional signifiers besides make their vis ual aspect.

The Puritans Essay Example For Students

The Puritans Essay When the 16th-century Reformation took place three distinct sectors of reformation developed: the German, the Swiss (including France) and the English. Of these three the weakest and least hopeful was the English. At first opposition was fierce. 277 Christian leaders were burned to death at the stake during the reign of Queen Mary. She earned the title Bloody Mary during her reign from 1553 to 1558. Thankfully her reign was short. Yet it was out of the shed blood and burned ashes of the martyrs that the cause of Christ grew and prospered. It was during the reign of Queen Elizabeth (1558-1603) that the Puritan movement was born. Godly ministers multiplied through the nation. These ministers supported each other in a godly brotherhood. At first the Puritans received the name Puritan because they sought to purify the National Church of England. In later times they were called Puritans because of the purity of life that they sought. They set out to reform the Church of England. Their des ire was to conform the national Church to the Word of God in government, worship and practice. Queen Elizabeth was head of the national Church and she opposed and blocked reformation. When James I (who reigned from 1603 to 1625) came to the throne there was hope that now reform would progress. Instead the struggle intensified. It did not improve when Charles I came to the throne in 1625. Ministers began to despair of improvement and some left for America where a new race of Puritans developed. The situation came to a climax when civil war broke out during the 1640s. During that time Oliver Cromwell became the supreme governor in place of the King. When Cromwell died there was no one suitable to replace him. The nation returned to the monarchy. Charles II came to the throne. The struggle in the Church was renewed with even more conflict than before. An act of Parliament was passed which required conformity to rules which the Puritans simply were unable to follow. In 1662 over 2,000 m inisters and leaders in the Church of England were forced to leave. Rather than compromise their consciences they left. Historians regard the Puritan period as coming to an end in 1662. However it was after 1662 that the Puritans wrote some of their finest expositions. John Bunyan was imprisoned for twelve years after 1662. It was in prison that he wrote Pilgrims Progress. Two Puritans who lived through this later period require special mention. John Owen (1616-1683) is called The Prince of the Puritans. He was a chaplain in the army of Oliver Cromwell and vice-chancellor of Oxford University, but most of his life he served as a minister of a church. His written works run to 24 volumes and represent the best resource for theology in the English language. On several important subjects such as the Holy Spirit, mortification of sin and apostasy, he is unexcelled. Richard Baxter (1615-1691) was a prolific writer and included in his works is The Christian Directory which consists of a pr actical detailed application of the gospel to every aspect of life. This is probably the most comprehensive exposition of its kind ever written. In Baxters exposition of the Christian life we see the Puritan idea that grace is to permeate nature. During the pre-Reformation time grace and nature were separated. This is the concept of a two storey universe. Upstairs is spiritual and holy. Downstairs is sinful, fleshly and unholy. For example the clergy were forbidden to marry as though marriage were earthly and therefore sinful. Luther partly reformed this and brought grace alongside nature. For example he married an ex-nun, Katherine. John Calvin went further and taught that grace must permeate nature. The earthly must be sanctified by the heavenly. The Puritans went further still and taught in more detail than Calvin that biblical principles must be applied to every aspect of life. There are biblical principles or biblical ethics for marriage, the bringing up of children and the hom e, for teachers and university professors, medical doctors, lawyers, architects and artists, for farmers and gardeners, politicians and magistrates, for businessmen and shopkeepers and for men of commerce and trade, for military men and for bankers. To the Puritans the dichotomy (division) between nature and grace, the prevalent view of medieval theologians, was essentially wrong. It is not as though the heavenly things are holy but earthly things cursed or tarnished. To the Puritans grace must penetrate and permeate all earthly life and sanctify it. Even the bells on the horses are sanctified to the Lord (Zech 14:20). In contrast to this the Anabaptists retreated from society on the grounds that society was sinful and corrupt. The Anabaptists discouraged men from becoming politicians or magistrates. With regard to war Calvin and the Puritans taught that defence was lawful. The Anabaptists were pacifist and would have nothing to do with military affairs. It is important that we reme mber that there are different kinds of Baptists. For instance John Bunyan was a Baptist firmly in the Puritan tradition just like Reformed Baptists today. We see how close the Reformed Baptists are to the Presbyterians (the children of John Calvin) when we compare the 1689, 2nd London Baptist Confession of Faith with the Westminster Confession. 28 out of 32 chapters are virtually the same. These Confessions of Faith represent the high water mark of Puritanism. The English Puritans followed Calvins example in being involved in all aspects of life. For example Calvin was active in promoting education. In 1559 he founded the Geneva Academy with the aim of building a Christian Commonwealth. This Academy drew students from all over Europe and by the time of Calvins death in 1564 there were 1,200 students. The Puritans likewise were passionately concerned for education and high academic standards. Almost all the Puritans were graduates of Oxford and Cambridge. Sidney Sussex College and Em manuel College, Cambridge, were famous Puritan institutions of learning. Calvin was concerned about provision for the 5,000 refugee families that flocked to Geneva between 1542 and 1560. He was instrumental in the establishment of two hospitals and in one there was a cloth making industry as well as weaving and jug making. (cf Building a Christian World View, vol 2, p 242, edited by W. Andrew Hoffecker, Presbyterian and Reformed, 1988.) I have described Calvin in positive terms. Like Luther and like all leaders he had clay feet. There were authoritarian trends in Geneva which marred Calvins ministry. The essays in the volume edited by Hoffecker are commended for presenting a balanced view of Calvin and not one which idolises that Reformer. This universal interest in human welfare and social concern is reflected in the lives of the Puritans. As we look back at this period we should note that pressures and trials can bring the best out of Christians. The high quality biblical expositi on balanced in doctrine, experience and practical application came out of tribulation. In our generation the republishing of these resources by the Banner of Truth in Britain, and latterly by the American publishing house Soli Deo Gloria has made available many valuable Puritan books. The question is asked, Why are the Puritans effective in teaching Reformed theology whereas so many others fail? The answer is that the spiritual genius of the Puritans lay in their being men of prayer. To them theology was not merely an academic or intellectual exercise. Reformed theology is designed to transform lives and to inspire action. This genius was a spiritual genius in which the Puritans kept prayer, doctrine, experience and practical application in balance and harmony. Today we hear the cry that Christ unites but doctrine divides! Give us Christ, not doctrine, is the cry! To the Puritans that was shallow nonsense. Christ comes to us wrapped in biblical teaching, that is, doctrine. Furthermo re doctrine directs life. Doctrine is essential. It is basic to everything but it must be applied in a loving and persuasive manner. 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